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Islam in the modern world

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Vol 18, No 3 (2022)
View or download the full issue PDF (Russian)
https://doi.org/10.22311/2074-1529-2022-18-3

ISLAMIC THEOLOGICAL THOUGHT

27-42 473
Abstract

This publication is the fi nal part of the commented translation into Russian of the Introduction (muqaddimаh) to the tafsir “Jami’ al-bayan fi  ta’wil al- Qur’ān” (The Comprehensive Exposition of the interpretation of the Qur’ān) by Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari (839–923). This part contains sections devoted to the names of the Qur’ān, the concepts of surah and ayah. The fi rst of them contains the four main names of the holy scripture of Islam —  qur’ān, furqān, kitāb and dhikr, their etymology is defi ned on the basis of pre-Islamic poetry and statements of early Muslim authorities. The following section describes the classifi cation of suras into groups — s even long (sab‘ ṭiwāl), of hundred ayahs (mi’ūn), repeated (mathānī) and divided into parts (mufaṣṣal). The last section talks about the origin of the concepts of surah and ayah.

43-58 469
Abstract

This article is devoted to the phenomenon of renewal (tajdid) in historical Islam. This topic is particularly relevant in the context of understanding the origins of Islamic modernism and neo-modernism, namely their embeddedness in the religious tradition. The fi rst paragraph traces the origins and content of the idea of renewal in historical tradition. Particular attention is paid to the connection between renewal and the spiritual and ethical revival of society (islah). Variable and constant characteristics in the development of the historical understanding of renewal are demonstrated. The second paragraph analyzes an issue fundamental to the topic in question as the distinction between innovation (bid‘a) and renewal. It is shown that despite the rather conservative rhetoric of historical renewers, tajdid has a creative nature, but at the same time retains the difference from an arbitrary innovation. The third paragraph reveals the mentioned creative dimension of tajdid: its connection with the practice of independent reasoning (ijtihad) and overcoming imitative thinking (taqlid). In conclusion, the author notes the peculiarities of the modern interpretation of the tajdid: the rejection of a literal understanding of the concept of “age” in the hadith about renewal and the assumption of the possibility of a collective renewer.

59-78 488
Abstract

The present article is devoted to the study of the outstanding Russian Muslim theologian and modernist Musa Bigiev’s legacy that was carried out by the Turkish scholar Hilmi Ziya Ülken. It focuses on Hilmi Ziya Ülken’s interpretation of ideas of Musa Bigiev in the historical and socio-c ultural context in the Islamic East and Turkey in the XIX–beginning of the XX centuries.

79-92 434
Abstract

The purpose of this article is to substantiate Islamic culture and religion as a kind of cardiocentrism. It is no secret that in the educational and research literature, the Slavic, especially Russian and Ukrainian philosophy, represented by P. D. Yurkevich, G. S. Skovoroda, I. A. Ilyin, D. I. Chizhevsky and others, there is a current which might be called cardiophilosophy or “philosophy of the heart”. We tried to prove that the Islam is likely more cardiocentric in its doctrine than the Orthodoxy. Special attention is paid to the works of the Central Asian Sufi  thinker al-T irmizi, who laid the foundations of Islamic cardiocentrism, where the heart is considered as the core of the entire spiritual and spiritual life of a person. Therefore, the formation of a strong and conscious Islamic faith is associated with the formation of strong “heart nodes of salvation”, around which the formation of a holistic spirituality of the individual takes place.

93-104 582
Abstract

This paper presents an analysis of the process of fatwa issuing according to the High Council of Religious Aff airs of Turkey (marriage and family relations). Particularly, fatwas are considered on the need to register marriage with state bodies, divorce while alcoholic intoxication, three simultaneous divorces, etc. The article provides a detailed analysis of the methodology used in issuing these fatwas, which is based on modern approaches to ij tihad, exactly: al-ijtihad al-madhhabi, al-ijtihad al-intiqaʼi, al-ijtihad al-inshaʼi.

105-124 725
Abstract

This research is focused on “cashback” — a  service that partially refunds the cardholder for purchases, which is widely used in Russia as a certain benefit program. Given its variety, the Muslim community does not have a complete understanding of the permissibility or prohibition of this bonus program. Based on the fatwa analysis of contemporary jurists and ulama councils, a conclusion is made about the admissibility of using cashback benefits provided by stores. Also, the use of diff erent types of bank cards and the degree of cashback permissibility in them in modern Russia are clarified.

ISLAM IN RUSSIAN SOCIO-POLITICAL LIFE

127-144 412
Abstract

The work is devoted to the analysis of Sufi thought in the treatises of Abu Hamid Muhammad al-Ghazali at-Tusi. Al Ghazali’s attitude to Sufi sm as an integral part of Islam was accepted by the Tatar medieval culture. Al-G hazali’s treatises became the basis for theology of many Tatar Islamic thinkers until the 20th century. On the example of the main treatises of al- Ghazali, some Sufi  images and symbols are shown, namely the Divine Word, Light, heart, dhikr prayers and sama‘. Symbolism as the basis of Islamic esotericism permeates many of al- Ghazali’s Sufi  treatises, so it is important to show the complexity of the continuity of his ideas in the Tatar culture.

145-158 408
Abstract

The article analyses the specifics of the appeal to the Islamic factor in Pakistan to justify the conflict with India. Long-lasting confrontation between the two countries contributed to the cultivation of an enemy image of India by the Pakistan military, that was built mostly on the opposition of Muslims and Hindus, the incompatibility of their mentality and value systems. Thus, due to the policy of the military regimes, a religious motive became an inseparable part of the Indian-Pakistani confrontation. At the same time, for the Pakistani military personnel who joined the service under the colonial government hostile attitude towards India and the Hindu population was not typical. Such events as partition of British India and the colonial armed forces on the religious basis, the clashes between Muslims, Hindus and Sikhs, and the first Indo-Pakistani war contributed to the fact that Pakistani Muslim offi cers began to distrust Hindus. Subsequent generations of military personnel showed open hostility towards the Hindus, that contributed to the perception of the conflict with India in the spirit of the “clash of civilizations”. Justifi cation for the struggle in Kashmir is an important indicator of this, as it is depicted as protection of the Muslim brothers from the Hindu rule. Since Islam is positioned as a fundamental doctrine in Pakistan, these views on the confl ict have become an integral part of the ideology in general.

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ISSN 2074-1529 (Print)
ISSN 2618-7221 (Online)