<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">islam</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Ислам в современном мире</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Islam in the modern world</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2074-1529</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2618-7221</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Medina Publishing Ltd</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22311/2074-1529-2023-19-1-169-190</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">islam-993</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ИСЛАМ В ОБЩЕСТВЕННО-ПОЛИТИЧЕСКОЙ ЖИЗНИ СТРАН И НАРОДОВ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ISLAM IN RUSSIAN SOCIO-POLITICAL LIFE</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Политический ислам в Афганистане: истоки и идеология</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Political Islam in Afghanistan: Origins and Ideology</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Белков</surname><given-names>Е. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Belkov</surname><given-names>E. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>БЕЛКОВ Евгений Анатольевич — мл. науч. сотр.</p><p>117997, г. Москва, Профсоюзная ул., д. 23</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Evgeny A. BELKOV, junior researcher </p><p>23, Profsoyuznaya Str., Moscow, 117997</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">79788566271@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru">НИИ мировой экономики и международных отношений имени Е. М. Примакова<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">E. M. Primakov Research Institute of World Economy and International Relations<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2023</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>30</day><month>04</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>19</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>169</fpage><lpage>190</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Белков Е.А., 2023</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Белков Е.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Belkov E.А.</copyright-holder><license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://islamjournal.idmedina.ru/jour/article/view/993">https://islamjournal.idmedina.ru/jour/article/view/993</self-uri><abstract><p>Любое политическое, тем более религиозное движение или идеология, как правило, имеют своих исторических предшественников, взгляды и идеи которых так или иначе отражаются в них. Понимание истоков и источников способствует более реалистичному и предметному взгляду на явления современные, особенно в таких освященных традицией странах, как Афганистан, где традиция оставляет на всём свой неизгладимый след. Цель статьи состоит в том, чтобы попытаться дать комплексное и хронологическое описание тех идей и идеологий, которые предопределили появление в Афганистане политических партий исламистского толка. В качестве материалов использованы работы отечественных и зарубежных востоковедов, в т. ч. афганских, а также источники на национальных языках Афганистана. За основу исследования взят метод последовательного описания источника и его характеристик для демонстрации его связи с современным явлением политического ислама. В работе представлен список предполагаемых идейных источников и предшественников политического ислама в Афганистане середины XX в. Дана их историческая и идеологическая характеристика. Описаны основные представители и сторонники тех или иных течений, их социальный статус и отношение к другим движениям и идеологиям. Политический ислам в Афганистане не возник как нечто исключительно внешнее, но имел под собой, кроме внешней формы и внешних заимствований (идеология «деобандизма», «Братьев-мусульман»1), также и внутренние, свойственные афганскому обществу источники в форме племенного вождизма, который стал неким общим организационным началом любого политического и религиозного движения. Сложность политического ислама в Афганистане заключается в его смешанной структуре, что особенно проявляется в настоящий момент в идеологии и практике движения Талибан2, которое, с одной стороны, основывается на положениях «деобандизма», панисламизма, в меньшей степени идеологии «Братьев-мусульман», но с другой — совершенно им противоречит, чему причиной сугубо племенные традиционные особенности общественного устройства и мировоззрения костяка движения. </p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Any political, especially religious movement or ideology, should have its historical predecessors, whose views and ideas would somehow affect them. Understanding the origins and sources contributes to a more realistic and objective view of modern phenomena, especially in such traditional countries as Afghanistan, where tradition indelibly leaves its mark on everything. The purpose of the article is to attempt to give a comprehensive and chronological description of the ideas and ideologies that formed the basis for the emergence of Islamist political parties in Afghanistan. The materials used are the works of domestic and foreign orientalists, including Afghan ones, as well as sources in the national languages of Afghanistan. The research is based on the method of consistent description of the source and its characteristics to demonstrate its connection with the modern phenomenon of political Islam. The paper presents a list of alleged ideological sources and precursors of political Islam in Afghanistan in the mid-20th century. Their historical and ideological characteristics are given. The main representatives and supporters of certain ideas, their social status and attitude to other movements and ideologies are described. Political Islam in Afghanistan did not arise as something exclusively external, but had under it, in addition to the external form and external borrowings (the ideology of “deobandism”, “Muslim Brotherhood”), also internal sources peculiar to Afghan society in the form of tribal chiefdom, which became a kind of general organizational beginning of any political and religious movement. The complexity of Islamism in Afghanistan lies in its mixed structure, which is especially evident at the moment, in the ideology and practice of the Taliban Movement, which, on the one hand, is based on the provisions of «deobandism», pan-Islamism, to a lesser extent the ideology of the Muslim Brotherhood, but on the other hand, it completely contradicts them, which is purely due to tribal traditional features of the social structure and worldview of the backbone of the movement. </p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>ислам</kwd><kwd>Афганистан</kwd><kwd>фундаментализм</kwd><kwd>политический ислам</kwd><kwd>политическое движение</kwd><kwd>идеология</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Коргун В. Г. История Афганистана в XX в. М.: «Крафт +», 2004. 528 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Korgun. V. G. (2004). Istorĳa Afganistana v XX v. [History of Afghanistan in XXst century]. Moscow: «Craft+». 528 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Лавров А. Ю. Политический ислам в Афганистане. М.: Институт востоковедения РАН, 2010. 179 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lavrov A. Y. (2010). Politicheskĳ islam v Afganistane [Political Islam in Afghanistan]. Moscow: Institut vostokovedenĳa RAN. 179 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ражбадинов М. З. Египетское движение «Братьев-мусульман». М., 2004. 431 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Razhbadinov M. Z. (2004). Egipetskoje Dvizhenĳe «Bratĳev-musulman» [Egyptian Movement of the Muslim Brotherhood]. Moscow: Institut izuchenija Izraelia i Blizhnego Vostoka. 431 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ромодин В. А. Афганистан во второй половине XIX — начале XX в. М.: Наука, 1990. 143 c.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Romodin V. A. (1990). Afganistan vo vtoroi polovine XIX — nachale XX v. [Afghanistan in the Second Half of XIX — the Beginning of XX]. Moscow: Nauka. 143 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Саидов Х. К вопросу о влиянии амануллитских реформ на этнонациональные процессы в афганском обществе // Вестник РУДН. Серия: «Политология». 2010. № 3. С. 145–164.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Saidov H. (2010) K voprosu o vlĳanii amanulistskih reform na etnonatsionalnii protsesi v afganskom obshestve [On the issue of the inﬂuence of Amanulla reforms on the ethno-national processes in Afghan society]. Vestnik RUDN. 2010. Iss. 3. Pp. 145–164.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Сикоев Р. Р. Панисламизм: Истоки и современность. Джамалуддин Афгани и его религиозно-политические последователи ХХ — начала ХХI века. М.: Аспект Пресс, 2010. 286 c.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sikoev R. R. (2010). Panislamizm: Istoki i sovremennost’. Jamaluddin Afgani i ego religiozno-politicheskĳe posledovateli XX — nachala XXI veka [Pan-Islamism: Origins and Modernity. Jamaluddin Afghani and his religious and political followers of the XX — early XXI century]. Moscow: Aspekt-Press. 286 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Слинкин М. Ф. Афганистан: оппозиция и власть (60–70-е гг. XX в.). М.: «Издательство МБА», 2020. 723 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Slinkin M. F. (2020). Afghanistan: oppozitsĳa i vlast’ (60–70 XX v.) [Afghanistan: Opposition and power (60–70s of the XX century)]. Moscow: “Izdatel’stvo MBA”. 723 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Спольников В. М. Афганистан. Исламская оппозиция. Истоки и цели. М.: «Наука», 1990. 192 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Spol’nikov V. M. (1990). Afghanistan. Islamskaya oppozitsĳa. Istoki i tseli. [Afghanistan. The Islamic opposition. Origins and goals]. Moscow: Nauka. 192 p. Stepan’ants M. T. (1982) Musul’manskĳe kontseptsii v ﬁlosoﬁi i politike XIX–</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Степанянц М. Т. Мусульманские концепции в философии и политике XIX–XX вв. М.: Наука, 1982. 248 c.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">XX vv. [Muslim concepts in Philosophy and Politics of the XIX–XX centuries]. Moscow: Nauka. 248 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Халфин Н. А. Политика России в Средней Азии (1857–1868). М.: Издательство восточной литературы, 1960. 272 c.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Khalﬁn H. A. (1960). Politika Rossii v Sredney Azii (1857–1868) [Russia’s Policy in Central Asia (1857–1868)]. Moscow: Izdatel’stvo vostochnoy literaturi. 272 p. Choueiri Y. M. (1993). Theoretical Paradigms of Islamic Movements // Political Studies. Vol. 41. No. 1. Pp. 108–116.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Choueiri Y. M. Theoretical Paradigms of Islamic Movements // Political Studies. 1993. Vol. 41. No. 1. Pp. 108–116.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dupree L. (1980). Afghanistan. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. 804 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dupree L. Afghanistan. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1980. 804 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gregorian V. (1967). Mahmud Tarzi and Saraj-ol-Akhbar: Ideology of Nationalism and Modernization in Afghanistan. The Middle East Journal. Vol. 21. Iss. 3. Pp. 345–368.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gregorian V. Mahmud Tarzi and Saraj-ol-Akhbar: Ideology of Nationalism and Modernization in Afghanistan // The Middle East Journal. 1967. Vol. 21. Iss. 3. Pp. 345–368.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gregoryan V. (1969). The Emergence of Modern Afghanistan. Politics of Reform and Modernization, 1880–1946. Stanford: Stanford University Press. 606 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gregoryan V. The Emergence of Modern Afghanistan. Politics of Reform and Modernization, 1880–1946. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1969. 606 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kakar M. Hassan. (1995). The Soviet Invasion and the Afghan Response, 1979– 1982. University of California Press, California. 379 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kakar M. Hassan. The Soviet Invasion and the Afghan Response, 1979– 1982. University of California Press, California, 1995. 379 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mitchell R. P. (1993). The Society of Muslim Brothers. New York: Oxford University Press. 392 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mitchell R. P. The Society of Muslim Brothers. New York: Oxford University Press, 1993. 392 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Roy O. (1990). Islam and Resistance in Afghanistan. New York: Cambridge University Press. 253 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Roy O. Islam and resistance in Afghanistan. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1990. 253 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Thomas Ruttig. (2006). Islamists, Leftists — and a Void in the Center. Afghanistan’s Political Parties and where they come from (1902–2006). Kabul/Berlin: Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung. 47 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Thomas Ruttig. Islamists, Leftists — and a Void in the Center. Afghanistan’s Political Parties and where they come from (1902–2006). Kabul–Berlin: Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung, 2006. 47 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zadran Gulzarak. (1983). Da Afghanistan tarikh. 1747–1982 [The History of Afghanistan. 1747–1982]. V. 1. Peshawar.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Дзадран Гульзарак. Да Афганистан тарих. 1747–1982. Т. 1. Пешавар, 1983.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gulbedin Hekmatiyar. (1988). Mosoheba-e berodar Hekmatiyar bo talwizyun-e torki [Gulbuddin Hekmatyar’s interview to Turkish television]. Peshawar: Hezb-e eslomi-e Afghanestan. 96 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Гульбедин Хекматияр. Мосохеба-е беродар Хекматияр бо тальвизьюн торки. Пешавар: Хезм-е эсломи-е Афгонестон, 1988. 96 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mohammad Hasan Kakar. (2010). Watan ta yaw safar. Taliban au islami bansatpalana [A Trip to the Homeland. The Taliban and Islamic Fundamentalism]. Germany: Danesh khparendoya tolana. 460 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Мохаммад Хасан Какар. Ватан та сафар. Талибан ау ислами бансытпалына. Джармани: Данеш хпарендуя толына, 2010. 460 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mohammad Yunus Khalis. (1998). Da Afghanistan mojahed ulus ta yaw paygham [A Message to the Selﬂess People of Afghanistan]. Peshawar: da hezb-e islami chapzay. 44 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Мохаммад Юнус Халис. Да Афганистан муджахед улус та йау пайгам. Пехавар: да хезб-е ислами чапдзай, 1988. 44 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mohammad Sadeq al-Modjadedi. (1396). Az Qahera ba Kobol [From Cairo to Kabul]. Qahera: bakhsh-e farhangi-e seforat-e jomhuri-e Afghanestan. 120 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Мохаммад Садек Аль-моджадеди. Аз Кахера ба Каболь. Кахера: бахш-е фарханги-е сефорат-е джомхури-е Афганестан, 1396. 120 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Мохаммад Садек Аль-моджадеди. Аз Кахера ба Каболь. Кахера: бахш-е фарханги-е сефорат-е джомхури-е Афганестан, 1396. 120 с.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
