islamИслам в современном миреIslam in the modern world2074-15292618-7221Medina Publishing Ltd10.22311/2074-1529-2018-14-2-127-146islam-594Research ArticleИСЛАМСКАЯ ЦИВИЛИЗАЦИЯ: ИСТОРИЯ И СОВРЕМЕННОСТЬISLAMIC CIVILIZATION YESTERDAY AND TODAYЕВРЕЙСКИЙ МЕССИАНИЗМ В ОСМАНСКОЙ ИМПЕРИИ XVII–XX ВВ.JEWISH MESSIANISM IN THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE FROM THE 17TH TO THE 20TH CENTURIESБурмистровК. Ю.BurmistrovK. Yu.

канд. филос. наук, ст. науч. сотр. сектора философии исламского мира

Cand. Sci. (Philos.), senior researcher, Department of Philosophy of Islamic World

kburmistrov@hotmail.comИнститут философии РАН, г. МоскваРоссияInstitute of Philosophy RASRussian Federation201826062018142127146Copyright © Бурмистров К.Ю., 20182018Бурмистров К.Ю.Burmistrov K.Y.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://islamjournal.idmedina.ru/jour/article/view/594

Религиозный мессианизм всегда был одной из важнейших черт иудаизма и оказывал влияние на историю еврейского народа и еврейскую мысль на протяжении всего периода их существования. Одним из наиболее известных случаев проявления еврейского мессианизма стало движение саббатианцев, возникшее на территории Османской империи в середине XVII в. После того, как лидер движения Шабтай Цви, признанный мессией значительной частью еврейских общин того времени, в 1666 г. принял ислам, большинство его сторонников отреклись от него. Вместе с тем наиболее радикальные его приверженцы последовали за ним и также приняли новую веру, образовав закрытые группы «верующих» (ивр. мааминим), или «отступников» (тур. дёнме), которые втайне исповедовали неортодоксальную (саббатианскую) версию иудаизма, отличавшуюся антиномизмом и теологическими новшествами. Они продолжали существовать на территории исламского мира на протяжении XVIII–XX вв. и оказали определенное влияние на политическую и культурную жизнь империи. В статье рассматриваются взгляды представителей этого течения, отношение его приверженцев к исламу, их роль в процессах секуляризации в Османской империи и в революционном движении в Турции начала XX в. Кроме того, предметом анализа стали те мифы о дёнме, которые распространялись в турецком обществе на протяжении всего XX в. и активно используются различными политическими силами уже в наши дни.

Religious messianism has always been one of the most important features of Judaism and infl uenced the history of the Jewish people and Jewish thought throughout their existence. One of the most famous cases of the manifestation of Jewish messianism was the movement of the Sabbateans, which arose on the territory of the Ottoman Empire in the mid-17th century. Sabbatai Zevi, the leader of the movement, was recognized as the Messiah by most Jewish communities of the time. After he converted to Islam in 1666, however, most of his former supporters rejected him. At the same time, his most radical adherents followed him and also adopted a new faith, forming closed groups of “believers” (Hebrew ma’aminim), or “apostates” (Turkish dönmeh). They secretly continued to profess an unorthodox (Sabbatean) version of Judaism, characterized by antinomianism and theological innovations. Dönmeh continued to exist on the territory of the Islamic world during the 18–20th centuries, becoming one of the factors that infl uenced the political and cultural life of the Ottoman Empire. The article examines the teaching of this messianic school, the attitude of its adherents to Islam, the role of Dönmeh in the processes of secularization in the Ottoman Empire and in the revolutionary movement in Turkey at the beginning of the 20th century. In addition, we analyze the myths about the Dönme conspiracy that spread in Turkish society throughout the 20th century and are actively used by various political forces nowadays.

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.