The importance of the religious factor in society’s and the state’s national national security places the problem of a unified Russian system of Islamic education at the center of expert discussions. The concept of the training of advanced specialists in the history and culture of Islam adopted by the Ministry of Education and Science is aimed at the integration of Muslim youth in Russia’s society and at counteraction to religiously motivated radicalism and extremism. The article accentuates the importance of the modernization of Islamic education and the enhancements of its competitiveness as a factor that helps shaping the national identity of Russia’s Muslims. The article concludes that while there are many existential perils, the recreation of the national theological school would benefit the process of Islamic personnel preparation, who would be ready to counteract ideological challenges initiated by destructive forces hidden under pseudo-Islamic slogans.