<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">islam</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Ислам в современном мире</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Islam in the modern world</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2074-1529</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2618-7221</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Medina Publishing Ltd</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22311/2074-1529-2026-22-2-215-242</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">islam-1253</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ТЕОЛОГИЧЕСКАЯ МЫСЛЬ В ИСЛАМЕ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ISLAMIC THEOLOGICAL THOUGHT</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Понятие вах̣й в классическом исламе: от семантики термина к теологии Божественной речи</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>The Concept of Divine Revelation (waḥy) in Classical Islam: from the Semantics of the Term to the Theology of Divine Speech</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0009-0948-4164</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Абубакаров</surname><given-names>С. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Abubakarov</surname><given-names>S. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Сайидмухаммад Магомедназирович Абубакаров. магистр исламоведения, секретарь- референт ректора</p><p>109382; пр. Кирова, д. 12; Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Sayidmuhammad M. Abubakarov, MA in Islamic Studies, secretary advisor to the rector</p><p>109382; 12, Kirov Lane; Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">abubakarov.s@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Частное учреждение — образовательная организация высшего образования Московский исламский институт</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Moscow Islamic Institute</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>06</day><month>09</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>22</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>215</fpage><lpage>242</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Абубакаров С.М., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Абубакаров С.М.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Abubakarov S.M.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://islamjournal.idmedina.ru/jour/article/view/1253">https://islamjournal.idmedina.ru/jour/article/view/1253</self-uri><abstract><p>   Статья посвящена системному анализу природы Божественного Откровения (вахй) в исламской традиции на пересечении трех плоскостей: лексико-семантической, историко-биографической и теологической. На материале раннеарабской лексикографии (ал-Халил, Ибн-Манзур) и доисламской поэзии реконструируется семантическое ядро корня в–х–й — скрытая интенциональная коммуникация. Систематизируются 78 коранических употреблений лексемы вахй, выделяются ее смысловые регистры на основании айата (42: 51) как базовой типологии модусов вахй; проводится функциональное различение вахй и танзӣл. Реконструируется онтология ниспослания, оформленная в доктрине двой ного нисхождения (ал-Лавх ал- Махфӯз — Байт ал-Изза — земля). Анализируется классический спор о сотворенности / несотворенности Корана, аш‘аритская дистинкция калāм нафсӣ / калāм лафзӣ и концепция и‘джāз как теологическое следствие принятой модели вахй. Обоснована сопоставимость доктрины двойного ниспослания и аш‘аритской дистинкции калāм нафсӣ / калāм лафзӣ: обе модели различают предземный статус Корана и его историко-языковое раскрытие. В совокупности это позволяет рассматривать вахй не как термин с единственным значением, а как смысловое поле, в рамках которого классические школы по-разному решают один и тот же вопрос — о соотношении Божественного и языкового планов Откровения.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>   The article presents a systematic analysis of the nature of divine revelation (waḥy) in the Islamic tradition at the intersection of three dimensions: lexical- semantic, historico- biographical, and theological. Based on early Arabic lexicography (al- Khalīl, Ibn Manẓūr) and pre-Islamic poetry, the semantic core of the root w–ḥ–y is reconstructed as hidden intentional communication. The study systemizes the 78 Qur’ānic occurrences of the lexeme waḥy and identifi es its semantic registers, using Q. 42: 51 as the basic typology of the modes of waḥy. А functional distinction is drawn between waḥy and tanzīl. The ontology of revelation, as formulated in the doctrine of double descent (al- Lawḥ al- Maḥfūẓ — Bayt al-Izza — the earth), is reconstructed. The article examines the classical debate on the createdness and uncreatedness of the Qur’ān, the Ash‘arī distinction between kalām nafsī and kalām lafẓī, and the concept of i‘jāz as a theological consequence of the accepted model of waḥy. It substantiates the comparability of the doctrine of double descent and the Ash‘arī distinction: both models differentiate between the pre-eternal status of the Qur’ān and its historical and linguistic manifestation. Overall, this allows us to consider waḥy not as a term with a single meaning, but as a semantic field within which the сlassical schools address the issue of the correlation between the divine and the linguistic dimensions of revelation in different ways.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>Откровение Божественное</kwd><kwd>вахй</kwd><kwd>танзӣл</kwd><kwd>калāм Аллāх</kwd><kwd>несотворенность Корана</kwd><kwd>калāм нафсӣ / калāм лафзӣ</kwd><kwd>и‘джāз</kwd><kwd>аш‘аризм</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>divine revelation</kwd><kwd>waḥy</kwd><kwd>tanzīl</kwd><kwd>kalām Allāh</kwd><kwd>uncreatedness of the Qur’ān</kwd><kwd>kalām nafsī / kalām lafẓī</kwd><kwd>i‘jāz</kwd><kwd>Ash‘arism</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">[Али А. Ю.]. Священный Коран. Смысловой перевод с комментариями / гл. ред. Д. В. Мухетдинов. — М.: ИД «Медина», 2015. — 1888 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Abubakarov S. M. (2022). Problema otkroveniia (waḥy) i ontologicheskogo statusa Korana v trudakh islamskikh myslitelei-neomodernistov: na primere F. Rakhmana i N. Kh. Abu Zaida [The Issue of Revelation (waḥy) and the Ontological Status of the Qur’ān in the Writings of Neo-Modern Islamic Thinkers: The Cases of F. Rahman and N. H. Abu Zayd]. Master’s thesis, scientific adviser D. V. Mukhetdinov. St Petersburg: St Petersburg State University. 85 p. Retrieved from: https://dspace.spbu.ru/handle/11701/41161 (06. 02. 2026). (In Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Абубакаров С. М. Проблема откровения (вахй) и онтологического статуса Корана в трудах исламских мыслителей-неомодернистов: на примере Ф. Рахмана и Н. Х. Абу Зайда : выпускная квалификационная работа магистра / науч. рук. Д. В. Мухетдинов. — СПб.: Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет, 2022. — 85 с. — [Электронный ресурс] // URL: https://dspace.spbu.ru/handle/11701/41161 (дата обращения: 06. 02. 2026).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Abu Zayd N. Kh. (2020). Koran kak protsess kommunikatsii mezhdu Bogom i chelovekom [The Qur’ān: God and Man in Communication]. Islamskaia mysl’: traditsiia i sovremennost’ [Islamic Thought: Tradition and Modernity]. D. V. Mukhetdinov (ed.-in-chief), S. Yu. Boroday (ed.), and [et al.]. Moscow: “Medina” Publ. Iss. 4, pp. 293–322. (In Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Абу Зайд Н. Х. Коран как процесс коммуникации между Богом и человеком // Исламская мысль: традиция и современность. Религиозно- философский ежегодник. Вып. 4 / гл. ред. Д. В. Мухетдинов; отв. ред. С. Ю. Бородай. — М.: ИД «Медина», 2020. — С. 293–322.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Abū Zayd, Naṣr Ḥāmid. (2014). Mafhūm al-naṣṣ: dirāsa fī ‘ulūm al- Qur’ān [The Concept of the Text: A Study of the Qur’anic Sciences]. al- Dār al-Bayḍā’; al-Maghrib: al- Markaz al-Thaqāfī al-‘Arabī Publ. 328 p. (In Arabic)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Абӯ-Зайд, На╕р Х̣āмид. Мафхӯм ан-на╕╕: дирāсат фӣ ‘улӯм ал-К̣ур’āн. — Ад- Дāр ал- Байд̣ā’; ал-Магриб: ал- Марказ ас̱-с̱ак̣āфӣ ал-арабӣ, 2014. — 328 с. (на араб. яз.)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Afsaruddin A. (2020). The Vocabulary of Revelation: Divine Intent and Self-Disclosure in the Qur’an. Journal of Qur’anic Studies. Vol. 22. No. 1, pp. 192–215. DOI: 10.3366/jqs.2020.0416</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ал-Байхак̣ӣ, А╝мад б. ал-Х̣усайн. Ал- И‘тик̣āд ва-л-хидāйа илā сабӣл ар-рашāд ‘алā маз̱хаб ас-салаф ва-а╕╝āб ал-╝адӣс̱ / ред. А╝мад ‘И╕āм ал- Кāтиб. — Бейрут: Дāр ал-āфāк̣ ал-джадӣда, 1401 г. х. [1980]. — 376 с. — [Электронный ресурс] // URL: https://shamela.ws/book/12997/55. (дата обращения: 04. 03. 2026). (на араб. яз.)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ahlwardt W. (1870). The Divans of the Six Ancient Arabic Poets: Ennābiga, ’Antara, Tharafa, Zuhair, ’Alqama and Imruulqais. London: Trübner &amp; Co. 232 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ал-Бāк̣иллāнӣ, Абӯ Бакр Му╝аммад б. ат̣-Т̣аййиб. И‘джāз ал-К̣ур’āн / ред. ас- Саййид А╝мад С̣ак̣р. — 5-е изд. — Каир: Дāр ал-ма‘āриф, 1997. 314 с. — [Электронный ресурс] // URL: https://shamela.ws/book/953/342#p1. (дата обращения: 04. 03. 2026). (на араб. яз.)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">[Ali A. Yu.]. (2015). Sviashchennyi Koran. Smyslovoi perevod s kommentariiami [The Holy Qur’ān: A Commentated Interpretive Translation]. Mukhetdinov D. V. (ed.-in-chief). Moscow: “Medina” Publ. 1888 p. (In Russian; In Arabic)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ал- Джурджāнӣ, ‘Абд-ал- К̣āхир б. ‘Абд-ар- Ра╝мāн б. Му╝аммад. Далā’ил ал-и‘джāз / коммент. Ма╝мӯда Му╝аммада Шāкира. — Каир: Мактабат ал- Хāнджӣ, 1375 г. х. [1955]. — 684 + 36: ил. (на араб. яз.)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Al- Bāqillānī, Abū Bakr Muḥammad b. al-Ṭayyib. (1997). I‘jāz al-Qur’ān [The Inimitability of the Qur’an]. Al-Sayyid Aḥmad Ṣaqr (ed.). 5&lt;sup&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt; ed. Cairo: Dār al-Ma‘ārif Publ. 314 p. Retrieved from: https://shamela.ws/book/953/342#p1 (04. 03. 2026). (In Arabic)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ал-Фарāхӣдӣ, Абӯ-‘Абд-ар-Ра╝мāн ал-Х̱алӣл б. Ахмад. Китāб ал-айн : в 8 т. / ред. М. ал-Мах̮зӯмӣ, И. ас-Сāмаррā’ӣ. — Багдад: Дāр ва мактаба ал-хилāл, б. г. — Т. 3. — 440 с. (на араб. яз.)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Al-Bayhaqī, Aḥmad b. al-Ḥusayn. (1401 AH / 1980 AD). Al- I‘tiqād wa-l-hidāya ilā sabīl al-rashād ‘alā madhhab al-salaf wa-aṣḥāb al-ḥadīth [Belief and Guidance to the Path of Right Conduct according to the Way of the Salaf and the People of Hadith]. Aḥmad ‘Iṣām al-Kātib (ed.). Beirut: Dār al-Āfāq al-Jadīda Publ. 376 p. Retrieved from: https://shamela.ws/book/12997/55 (04. 03. 2026). (In Arabic)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ас-Суйӯт̣ӣ, Джалāл-ад-дӣн. Ал- Итк̣āн фӣ ‘улӯм ал- К̣ур’āн : в 7 т. / под ред. Марказ ад-дирāсāт ал-к̣ур’āниййа. — Медина: Маджма‘ ал-Малик Фахд ли-т̣ибā‘ат ал-му╕╝аф аш-шарӣф, 1426 г. х. [2005]. — Т. 1. — 335 с. (на араб. яз.)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Al- Farāhīdī, Abū ‘Abd al-Raḥmān al-Khalīl b. Aḥmad. Kitāb al-‘Ayn [The Book of ‘Ayn]. (n. d.). M. al-Makhzūmī, I. al-Sāmarrā’ī (eds.). Baghdad: Dār wa-Maktabat al- Hilāl Publ. Vol. 3. 440 p. (In Arabic)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ас-Суйути Джалал ад-Дин. Совершенство в коранических науках. — Вып. 2: Учение о ниспослании Корана / пер. с араб. — М.: ИД «Муравей», 2001. — 272 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Al-Jurjānī, ‘Abd al-Qāhir b. ‘Abd al-Raḥmān b. Muḥammad. (1375 AH / 1955 AD). Dalā’il al-i‘jāz [Proofs of Inimitability]. Maḥmūd Muḥammad Shākir (ed. and comm.). Cairo: Maktabat al- Khānjī Publ. 684 + 36: il. (In Arabic)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ат-Табрӣзӣ, Йа╝йā б. ‘Алӣ. Шар╝ ал-ка╕ā’ид ал-‘ашр. — 2-е изд. — Каир: Идāрат ат̣-т̣ибā‘а ал-мунириййа, 1352 г. х. [1933]. — 335 с. — [Электронный ресурс] // URL: https://shamela.ws/book/37488/129. (дата обращения: 01. 04. 2026). (на араб. яз.)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Al-Suyūṭī, Jalāl al- Dīn. (1426 AH / 2005 AD). Al-Itqān fī ‘ulūm al-Qur’ān[The Perfect Guide to the Sciences of the Qur’an]. Markaz al-Dirāsāt al-Qur’āniyya (ed.). Medina: Majma‘ al-Malik Fahd li-Ṭibā‘at al-Muṣḥaf al-Sharīf Publ. Vol. 1. 335 p. (In Arabic)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Бигиев М. О Благородном Коране (фрагмент) / пер. с тур., предисл. и примеч. А. Г. Хайрутдинова // Исламская мысль: традиция и современность. Религиозно-философский ежегодник. — Вып. 5 / гл. ред. Д. В. Мухетдинов; отв. ред. С. Ю. Бородай. — М.: ИД «Медина», 2021. — С. 157–196.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Al-Suyuti, Jalal al-Din. (2001). Sovershenstvo v koranicheskikh naukakh [The Perfect Guide to the Sciences of the Qur’an]. Iss. 2: The Doctrine of the Sending Down of the Qur’an. Moscow: “Muravei” Publ. 272 p. (In Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Гайнутдинов Р. И., Измайлов Р. Р. Краткий обзор ранней истории становления ханафитской вероучительной школы на территории России (X–XV вв.) // Ислам в современном мире. — 2026. — Т. 22. — № 1. — С. 83–102. DOI: 10.22311/2074-1529-2026-22-1-83-102.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Al-Tabrīzī, Yaḥyā b. ‘Alī (1352 AH / 1933 AD). Sharḥ al-qaṣā’id al-‘ashr [Commentary on the Ten Odes]. 2&lt;sup&gt;nd&lt;/sup&gt; ed. Cairo: Idārat al-Ṭibā‘a al-Munīriyya Publ. 335 p. Retrieved from: https://shamela.ws/book/37488/129 (01. 04. 2026). (In Arabic)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ибн-Исхāк̣, Мухаммад. Ас-Сӣра / ред. Сухайл Заккар. — Бейрут; Лубнан: Дāр ал- Фикр, 1398 г. х. [1978]. — 381 с. — [Электронный ресурс] // URL: https://shamela.ws/book/9862/115. (дата обращения: 22. 01. 2026). (на араб. яз.)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Badawi E. M., Abdel Haleem M. (2008). Arabic- English Dictionary of Qur’ānic Usage. Leiden: Brill. 1069 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ибн- Ман├ӯр, Му╝аммад б. Мукаррам. Лисāн ал-‘араб : в 15 т. / примеч. ал-Йāзиджӣ и др. — 3-е изд. — Бейрут: Дāр С̣āдир, 1414 г. х. [1993]. — Т. 15. — 494 с. — [Электронный ресурс] // URL: https://shamela.ws/book/1687/7988. (дата обращения: 22. 02. 2026). (на араб. яз.)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bigiev M. (2021). O Blagorodnom Korane (fragment) [On the Noble Qur’ān: A Fragment]. A. G. Khairutdinov (transl. from Turkish, introd. and notes). Islamskaia mysl’: traditsiia i sovremennost’ [Islamic Thought: Tradition and Modernity]. D. V. Mukhetdinov (ed.-in-chief), S. Yu. Boroday (ed.), and [et al.]. Moscow: “Medina” Publ. Iss. 5, pp. 157–196. (In Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ибн-Хишāм, ‘Абд-ал-Малик б. Хишāм. Ас-Сӣра ан-Набавиййа : в 2 т. / ред. Му╕т̣афā ас-Сак̣к̣ā, Ибрāхӣм ал- Абйāрӣ, ‘Абд-ал-Х̣афӣ├ Шалабӣ. — 2-е изд. — Каир: Ширкат мактабат ва мат̣ба‘ат Му╕т̣афā ал-Бāбӣ ал-Х̣алабӣ ва-авлāдух, 1375 г. х. [1955]. — Т. 1. — 716 с. — [Электронный ресурс] // URL: https://shamela.ws/book/23833/260. (дата обращения: 05. 03. 2026). (на араб. яз.)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gaynutdinov R. I., Izmaylov R. R. (2026). Kratkii obzor rannei istorii stanovleniia khanafitskoi verouchitel’noi shkoly na territorii Rossii (X–XV vv.) [A Brief Overview of the Early History of the Formation of the Ḥanafī School of ‘Aqīda on the Territory of Russia (10&lt;sup&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt;-15&lt;sup&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt; Centuries)]. Islam v sovremennom mire [Islam in the modern world]. Vol. 22. No. 1, pp. 83–102. (In Russian); DOI: 10.22311/2074-1529-2026-22-1-83-102</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ибн Хишам. Жизнеописание Пророка Мухаммада, рассказанное со слов аль-Баккаи, со слов Ибн Исхака ал-Мутталиба / пер. с араб. Н. А. Гайнуллина. — М.: Умма, 2007. — 656 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Graham W. A. (1977). Divine Word and Prophetic Word in Early Islam: A Reconsideration of the Sources, with Special Reference to the Divine Saying or Hadîth Qudsî. The Hague; Paris: Mouton. xvii, 266 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ибрагим Т. Имена Бога согласно исламу : Коранический индекс / Т. Ибрагим; Ин-т востоковедения РАН; Центр арабск. и исламск. исслед. — М.: ИВ РАН [; ИД «Медина»], 2022. — 800 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hurvitz N. (2002). The Formation of Hanbalism: Piety into Power. London; New York: Routledge. 224 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ибрагим Т. К., Сагадеев А. В. Ми╝на // Ислам: энциклопедический словарь. —М.: Наука. Главная редакция восточной литературы, 1991. — С. 166.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ibn Hishām, ‘Abd al- Malik b. Hishām. (1955). Al- Sīra al-Nabawiyya [The Prophetic Biography]. In 2 vols. Muṣṭafā al- Saqqā (ed.), Ibrāhīm al-Abyārī (ed.), ‘Abd al-Ḥafīẓ Shalabī (ed.). 2&lt;sup&gt;nd&lt;/sup&gt; ed. Cairo: Shirkat Maktabat wa- Maṭba‘at Muṣṭafā al-Bābī al-Ḥalabī wa- Awlāduhu Publ. Vol. 1. 716 p. Retrieved from: https://shamela.ws/book/23833/260 (05. 03. 2026). (In Arabic)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ислам через призму хадисов : в 8 т. Т. 2 / гл. ред. Д. В. Мухетдинов, отв. ред. Д. З. Хайретдинов, А. Т. Сибгатуллина; пер. с тур. — М.: [ИД] Медина, 2021. — 552 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ibn Khisham. (2007). Zhizneopisanie Proroka Mukhammada [The Life of the Prophet Muhammad]. N. A. Gainullin (transl. from Arabic). Moscow: Umma Publ. 656 p. (In Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Муса И. Фазлур Рахман: жизнь и учение // Исламская мысль: традиция и современность. Религиозно-философский ежегодник. — Вып. 2. / гл. ред. Д. В. Мухетдинов; отв. ред. С. Ю. Бородай. — М.: ИД «Медина», 2017. — С. 64–97.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ibn Isḥāq, Muḥammad. (1398 AH / 1978 AD). Al-Sīra [The Biography]. Suhayl Zakkār (ed.). Beirut: Dār al-Fikr Publ. 381 p. Retrieved from: https://shamela.ws/book/9862/115 (22. 01. 2026). (In Arabic)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Мухетдинов Д. В. Программа обновления. Ислах ва тадждид (исламское реформаторство). — М.: ИД «Медина», 2025. — 152 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ibn Manẓūr, Muḥammad b. Mukarram. (1414 AH / 1993 AD). Lisān al-‘Arab [The Tongue of the Arabs]. 3&lt;sup&gt;rd&lt;/sup&gt;ed. Beirut: Dār Ṣādir Publ. Vol. 15. 494 p. Retrieved from: https://shamela.ws/book/1687/7988 (22. 02. 2026). (In Arabic)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Мухетдинов Д. В. Теология обновления. Исламский неомодернизм и проблема традиции. — М.: ИД «Медина», 2023. — 736 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ibrahim T. (2022). Imena Boga soglasno islamu: Koranicheskii indeks [The Names of God According to Islam : A Qur’anic Index]. Moscow: Institut vostokovedeniia Rossiiskoi akademii nauk Publ. [; Izdatel’skii dom “Medina” Publ.]. 800 p. (In Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Овсянников Д. В. Современные мусульманские теологические подходы к феномену Божественного Откровения и сопричастия с ним // Ишрак. Журнал исламской философии. — 2026. — Т. 4. — № 1. — С. 75–80. DOI: 10.21146/2949-1126- 2026-4-1-75-80</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ibrahim T. K., Sagadeev A. V. (1991). Miḥna. Islam. Entsiklopedicheskii slovar’ [Islam. An Encyclopedic Dictionary]. Moscow: Nauka Publ. P. 166. (In Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Резван Е. А. Вахй // Ислам. Энциклопедический словарь. — М.: Наука. Главная редакция восточной литературы, 1991. — С. 50.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Islam cherez prizmu khadisov [Islam through the Prism of Hadith] (2021). In 8 vols. Vol. 2. Mukhetdinov D. V. (ed.-in-chief), Khairetdinov D. Z., Sibgatullina A. T. (resp. eds.); transl. from Turkish. Moscow: ID “Medina” Publ. 552 p. (In Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Резван Е. А. Ал- Лаух ал- Махфӯз // Ислам: энциклопедический словарь. — М.: Наука. Главная редакция восточной литературы, 1991. — С. 146–147.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Izutsu T. (2008). God and Man in the Qur’an: Semantics of the Qur’anic Weltanschauung. 1&lt;sup&gt;st&lt;/sup&gt;ed. Tokyo: Keio University Press, 1964; repr. Kuala Lumpur: Islamic Book Trust. 292 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Резван Е. А. Коран и его мир. — СПб.: Петербургское востоковедение, 2001. — 608 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lane E. W. (n. d.). An Arabic- English Lexicon. Retrieved from: https://lexicon.quranic- research.net/data/27_w/059_wHe.html (25. 04. 2026).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Рудольф У. Ал-Мāтурӣдӣ и суннитская теология в Самарканде / пер. с нем. Л. Трутановой; под ред. О. Лукина. — Алматы: Фонд «XXI век», 1999. — 286 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Leirvik O. (2015). Waḥy and Tanzīl. Modern Islamic Approaches to Divine Inspiration, Progressive Revelation, and Human Text. Studia Theologica — Nordic Journal of Theology. Vol. 69. No. 2, pp. 101–125. DOI: 10.1080/0039338X.2015.1081617</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Afsaruddin A. The Vocabulary of Revelation: Divine Intent and Self-Disclosure in the Qur’an // Journal of Qur’anic Studies. — 2020. — Vol. 22. — No. 1. — Pp. 192–215. DOI: 10.3366/jqs.2020.0416</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lewin B. (1978). A Vocabulary of the Hudailian Poems. Göteborg: Elanders Boktryckeri Aktiebolag. vii, 484 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ahlwardt W. The Divans of the Six Ancient Arabic Poets: Ennābiga, ’Antara, Tharafa, Zuhair, ’Alqama and Imruulqais. — London: Trübner &amp; Co, 1870. — 114, ٢٢٤ p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Loynes S. P. (2021). Revelation in the Qur’an: A Semantic Study of the Roots n-z-l and w-ḥ-y. Leiden; Boston: Brill. ix, 181 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Badawi E. M., Abdel Haleem M. Arabic- English Dictionary of Qur’ānic Usage. — Leiden: Brill, 2008. — 1069 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Madelung W. (1974). The Origins of the Controversy concerning the Creation of the Koran. Orientalia Hispanica, Barral J. M. (ed.). Leiden: Brill. Vol. 1, pp. 504–525.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Graham W. A. Divine Word and Prophetic Word in Early Islam: A Reconsideration of the Sources, with Special Reference to the Divine Saying or Hadîth Qudsî. — The Hague; Paris: Mouton, 1977. — xvii, 266 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Madigan D. (2001). The Qur’ān’s Self- Image: Writing and Authority in Islam’s Scripture. Princeton: Princeton University Press. xv, 236 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hurvitz N. The Formation of Hanbalism: Piety into Power. — London; New York: Routledge, 2002. — 224 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Madigan D. (2004). Revelation and Inspiration. Encyclopaedia of the Qur’ān, McAuliff e J. D. (gen. ed.). Leiden; Boston: Brill. Vol. 4, pp. 437–448.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Izutsu T. God and Man in the Qur’an: Semantics of the Qur’anic Weltanschauung. — 1&lt;sup&gt;st&lt;/sup&gt; ed. Tokyo: Keio University Press, 1964; repr. — Kuala Lumpur: Islamic Book Trust, 2008. — 292 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Martin R. C. (1980). The Role of the Basrah Mu‘tazilah in Formulating the Doctrine of the Apologetic Miracle. Journal of Near Eastern Studies. Vol. 39. No. 3, pp. 175–189.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lane E. W. An Arabic- English Lexicon [Электронный ресурс] // URL: https://lexicon.quranic-research.net/data/27_w/059_wHe.html (дата обращения: 25. 04. 2026).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Melchert C. (2006). Ahmad ibn Hanbal. Oxford: Oneworld. 188 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Leirvik O. Waḥy and Tanzīl. Modern Islamic Approaches to Divine Inspiration, Progressive Revelation, and Human Text // Studia Theologica — Nordic Journal of Theology. — 2015. — Vol. 69. — No. 2. — Pp. 101–125. DOI: 10.1080/0039338X.2015.1081617</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Michot Y. (2008). Revelation. The Cambridge Companion to Classical Islamic Theology, Winter T. (ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 180–196.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lewin B. A Vocabulary of the Hudailian Poems. — Göteborg: Elanders Boktryckeri Aktiebolag, 1978. — vii, 484 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mukhetdinov D. V. (2023). Teologiia obnovleniia. Islamskii neomodernizm i problema traditsii [The Theology of Renewal: Islamic Neo- Modernism and the Problem of Tradition]. Moscow: “Medina” Publ. 736 p. (In Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit38"><label>38</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Loynes S. P. Revelation in the Qur’an: A Semantic Study of the Roots n-z-l and w-ḥ-y. — Leiden; Boston: Brill, 2021. — ix, 181 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mukhetdinov D. V. (2025). Programma obnovleniia. Islakh va tadzhdid (islamskoe reformatorstvo) [The Program of Renewal: Islah wa-Tajdid (Islamic Reformism)]. Moscow: “Medina” Publ. 152 p. (In Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit39"><label>39</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Madelung W. The Origins of the Controversy concerning the Creation of the Koran // Orientalia Hispanica / ed. J. M. Barral. — Leiden: Brill, 1974. — Vol. 1. — Pp. 504–525.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Musa I. (2017). Fazlur Rakhman: zhizn’ i uchenie [Fazlur Rahman: Life and Teaching]. Islamskaia mysl’: traditsiia i sovremennost’ [Islamic Thought: Tradition and Modernity]. D. V. Mukhetdinov (ed.-in-chief), S. Yu. Boroday (ed.), and [et al.]. Moscow: “Medina” Publ. Iss. 2, pp. 64–97. (In Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit40"><label>40</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Madigan D. Revelation and Inspiration // Encyclopaedia of the Qur’ān / gen. ed. J. D. McAuliffe. — Leiden; Boston: Brill, 2004. — Vol. 4. — Pp. 437–448.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nawas J. A. (1994). A Reexamination of Three Current Explanations for al-Ma’mūn’s Introduction of the Miḥna. International Journal of Middle East Studies. Vol. 26. No. 4, pp. 615–629.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit41"><label>41</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Madigan D. The Qur’ān’s Self- Image: Writing and Authority in Islam’s Scripture. — Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2001. — xv, 236 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ovsjannikov D. V. (2026). Sovremennye musul’manskie teologicheskie podkhody k fenomenu Bozhestvennogo Otkroveniia i soprichastiia s nim. Otklik na: Divine Revelation and Communication: Contemporary Muslim Theological Approaches. Ed. by C. Turner. Berlin; London: Gerlach Press, 2025. 330 p. [Modern Muslim Theological Approaches to the Phenomenon of Divine Revelation and Communion with It. An Essay on: Divine Revelation and Communication: Contemporary Muslim Theological Approaches. Ed. by C. Turner. Berlin; London: Gerlach Press, 2025, 330 pp.]. Ishrak. Zhurnal islamskoi fi losofi i [Ishraq. Islamic Philosophy Journal]. Vol. 4. No. 1, pp. 75–80. (In Russian); DOI: 10.21146/2949-1126-2026-4-1-75-80</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit42"><label>42</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Martin R. C. The Role of the Basrah Mu‘tazilah in Formulating the Doctrine of the Apologetic Miracle // Journal of Near Eastern Studies. — 1980. — Vol. 39. — No. 3. — Pp. 175–189.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ozalp M. (2025). Quranic Framework for waḥy as Revelation: Four Levels of God’s Communication with His Creation. Divine Revelation and Communication: Contemporary Muslim Theological Approaches, Turner C. (ed.). Berlin; London: Gerlach Press, pp. 5–31.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit43"><label>43</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Melchert C. Ahmad ibn Hanbal. — Oxford: Oneworld, 2006. — 188 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Patton W. M. (1897). Aḥmed Ibn Ḥanbal and the Miḥna: A Biography of the Imām Including an Account of the Moḥammedan Inquisition Called the Miḥna, 218–234 A. H. Leiden: E. J. Brill. 209 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit44"><label>44</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Michot Y. Revelation // The Cambridge Companion to Classical Islamic Theology / ed. T. Winter. — Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008. — Pp. 180–196.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">The Quranic Arabic Corpus (n. d.). Retrieved from: https://corpus.quran.com/qurandictionary.jsp?root=wHy (25. 04. 2026).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit45"><label>45</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nawas J. A. A Reexamination of Three Current Explanations for al-Ma’mūn’s Introduction of the Miḥna // International Journal of Middle East Studies. — 1994. — Vol. 26. — No. 4. — Pp. 615–629.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rezvan E. A. (1991). Waḥy. Islam. Entsiklopedicheskii slovar’ [Islam. An Encyclopedic Dictionary]. Moscow: Nauka Publ. P. 50. (In Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit46"><label>46</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ozalp M. Quranic Framework for waḥy as Revelation: Four Levels of God’s Communication with His Creation // Divine Revelation and Communication: Contemporary Muslim Theological Approaches / ed. C. Turner. — Berlin; London: Gerlach Press, 2025. — Pp. 5–31.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rezvan E. A. (1991). al-Lawḥ al- Maḥfūẓ. Islam. Entsiklopedicheskii slovar’ [Islam. An Encyclopedic Dictionary]. Moscow: Nauka Publ., pp. 146–147. (In Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit47"><label>47</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Patton W. M. Aḥmed Ibn Ḥanbal and the Miḥna. A Biography of the Imām Including an Account of the Moḥammedan Inquisition Called the Miḥna, 218–234 A. H. — Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1897. — 209 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rezvan E. A. (2001). Koran i ego mir [The Qur’ān and Its World]. St Petersburg: Peterburgskoe vostokovedenie Publ. 608 p. (In Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit48"><label>48</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rudolph U. Al- Māturīdī and the Development of Sunnī Theology in Samarqand / transl. R. Adem. — Leiden; Boston: Brill, 2015. — 442 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rudolph U. (2015). Al-Māturīdī and the Development of Sunnī Theology in Samarqand, R. Adem (transl.). Leiden; Boston: Brill. 442 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit49"><label>49</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Saeed A. Rethinking ‘Revelation’ as a Precondition for Reinterpreting the Qur’ān: A Qur’anic Perspective // Journal of Qur’anic Studies. — 1999. — Vol. 1. — No. 1. — Pp. 93–114.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rudolph U. (1999). Al- Māturīdī i sunnitskaia teologiia v Samarkande [Al-Māturīdī and Sunnī Theology in Samarqand]. L. Trutanova (transl. from German), O. Lukin (ed.). Almaty: Fond “XXI vek” Publ. 286 p. (In Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit50"><label>50</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">The Quranic Arabic Corpus [Электронный ресурс] // URL: https://corpus.quran.com/qurandictionary.jsp?root=wHy. (дата обращения: 25. 04. 2026).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Saeed A. (1999). Rethinking ‘Revelation’ as a Precondition for Reinterpreting the Qur’ān: A Qur’anic Perspective. Journal of Qur’anic Studies. Vol. 1. No. 1, pp. 93–114.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit51"><label>51</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vasalou S. The Miraculous Eloquence of the Qur’an: General Trajectories and Individual Approaches // Journal of Qur’anic Studies. — 2002. — Vol. 4. — No. 2. — Pp. 23–53. DOI: 10.3366/jqs.2002.4.2.23</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vasalou S. (2002). The Miraculous Eloquence of the Qur’an: General Trajectories and Individual Approaches. Journal of Qur’anic Studies. Vol. 4. No. 2, pp. 23–53. DOI: 10.3366/jqs.2002.4.2.23</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit52"><label>52</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Watt W. M. The Formative Period of Islamic Thought. — Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1973. — xii, 424 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Watt W. M. (1973). The Formative Period of Islamic Thought. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. xii, 424 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit53"><label>53</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zellentin H. Review of Simon P. Loynes, Revelation in the Qur’an: A Semantic Study of the Roots n-z-l and w-ḥ-y // Review of Qur’anic Research. — 2022. — Vol. 8. — No. 4. Pp. 37–45. DOI: 10.5913/rqr2022v8.04</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zellentin H. (2022). Review of Simon P. Loynes, Revelation in the Qur’an: A Semantic Study of the Roots n-z-l and w-ḥ-y. Review of Qur’anic Research. Vol. 8. No. 4, pp. 37–45. DOI: 10.5913/rqr2022v8.04.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
